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At the dawn of a new century, a newly elected U.S. president was forced to confront an escalating series of unprovoked attacks on Americans by Muslim terrorists sworn to carry out jihad against all Western powers. As timely and familiar as these events may seem, they occurred more than two centuries ago. The president was Thomas Jefferson, and the terrorists were the Barbary pirates. Victory in Tripoli recounts the untold story of one of the defining challenges overcome by the young U.S. republic. This fast-moving and dramatic tale examines the events that gave birth to the Navy and the Marines and re-creates the startling political, diplomatic, and military battles that were central to the conflict. This highly interesting and informative history offers deep insight into issues that remain fundamental to U.S. foreign policy decisions to this day.
- Sales Rank: #754354 in Books
- Published on: 2005-09-09
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.62" h x 1.02" w x 6.30" l, 1.17 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 288 pages
From Booklist
London may hope that his sound history of the war with the Barbary pirates, published in time for the 2005 bicentennial of the conflict, will inspire readers to support new efforts in the war on terrorism. At any rate, he gives us a thoroughly readable history of a prolonged crisis in American foreign and naval policy that arose when the U.S. became independent from Great Britain and commerce that had been colonial was no longer sheltered by a mother country's large navy. To cope with the seizing of American ships and the ransoming of American sailors who were held under often barbaric conditions, the U.S. revived its navy and sent it into action off the shores of Tripoli. A cheap or unqualified victory wasn't achieved, but a useful precedent was set for armed resistance to international extortion. Moreover, the U.S. made a permanent commitment to maintaining a navy. London also gives full credit for valiant effort to Consul William Eaton, who marched across the desert to press the pirates by land. Roland Green
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved
From the Inside Flap
As a new century dawned, a newly elected U.S. president was forced to confront a grave threat to the nation—an escalating series of unprovoked attacks on Americans by Muslim terrorists sworn to carry out jihad against all Western powers. Worse still, these fanatics operated under the protection and sponsorship of rogue states ruled by ruthless and cunning dictators. As timely and familiar as these events may seem, they occurred more than two centuries ago. The president was Thomas Jefferson, and the terrorists were the Barbary pirates of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli.
Victory in Tripoli recounts the untold story of one of the defining challenges overcome by the young U.S. republic. This fast-moving and dramatic tale examines the events that gave birth to the Navy and the Marines, recounting the harrowing experiences of U.S. seamen held as slaves in North Africa for more than a decade and re-creating the startling political, diplomatic, and military battles that were central to the conflict.
The story begins with humiliation: a U.S. warship—the first ever in the Mediterranean Sea—sailing into the harbor of Algiers to pay protection money to Algerine ruler Dey Bobba Mustafa. This custom of paying pirates not to attack merchant vessels, long practiced by the European powers, rankled the ship's captain, William Bainbridge, as well as U.S. consuls Richard O'Brien and William Eaton. Over the next five years, these men, along with a handful of others, would do everything in their power to end this policy of appeasement and bring U.S. power to bear against the Barbary pirates.
Standing alone against the pirates, the United States resorted to naval blockades, covert operations and night raids, amphibious assaults, brute force, attempted regime change through a coup d'état, employment of mercenary forces, and, finally, the betrayal of a trusted ally in its quest for victory. The young nation would learn valuable lessons in cross-cultural diplomacy, diplomatic maneuvering, and the projection of military might as an extension of public policy.
Victory in Tripoli examines every aspect of the first U.S. military campaign through foreign lands—from the spectacular naval heroics of the legendary Stephen Decatur to Eaton's perilous march across the Sahara, from Jefferson's flip-flopping on the use of force to petty squabbles among diplomats that produced dire consequences for the United States. This highly interesting and informative history offers deep insight into issues that remain fundamental to U.S. foreign policy decisions to this day.
From the Back Cover
"This is a tale of piracy, heroism, disaster, triumph, and American exceptionalism. A wonderful story, filling a gap in the history of the early republic. A terrific book!"
—Bernard Cornwell, New York Times bestselling author of Sharpe's Havoc
"Insightful and entertaining, Victory in Tripoli is an absolutely fascinating story, wonderfully told. Anyone with even a passing interest in naval history, or U.S. history in general, should read this book."
—Admiral William J. Crowe Jr., USN (Ret.), former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
"Victory in Tripoli deftly captures the dangers of covert operations, the complexity of international diplomacy, and the thrills and horrors of battle. Joshua E. London's exciting and insightful look at one of America's earliest and seldom remembered foreign escapades offers much for the keen observer of current events."
—Charles T. Pinck, president of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Society
"History shall tell that the United States first volunteered a ship of war, equipped, a carrier for a pirate. . . . Frankly I own, I would have lost the peace and been impaled myself rather than yield such a concession. Will nothing rouse my country!"
—William Eaton, in a letter to the secretary of state, 1800
Giving money, arms, and a warship to a pirate who has attacked our merchant vessels and taken U.S. sailors as slaves? William Eaton, United States consul to Tunis, was furious. Eaton, however, was not a man given to impotent rage. He was intent on ending the custom of paying protection money to the Barbary pirates of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. His plan: to reverse the roles of diplomacy in the region by taking the fight straight to the piratical regimes.
Over the next five years, the fledgling U.S. Navy would develop into a formidable force as it employed blockades, covert operations, amphibious assaults, brute force, and even mercenaries to make the Mediterranean safe for U.S. merchant ships. Victory in Tripoli tells the inspiring story of how Eaton and a few other determined Americans forced their young nation to stand up to terrorism. It is an eerily familiar tale whose lessons remain central to U.S. foreign policy to this day.
Most helpful customer reviews
33 of 33 people found the following review helpful.
"To the Shores of Tripoli..." Semper Fi and God Bless America!
By BOB HUDECK
I saw the author give a lecture on this book last week at the Navy Museum in the Washington Navy Yard here in DC, and was impressed enough to buy the book and get it autographed - his handwriting is terrible. Fortunately, he speaks very well and is engaging, insightful and entertaining. I began reading the book that evening, and finished it within a couple of days (it is a fairly quick read). Thankfully, he writes as well as he speaks.
"Victory in Tripoli" is an amazingly good and compact book! History just dances off its pages. Strikingly, the author runs us through America's complex and confused diplomatic efforts in North Africa back then with some terrific detail and really admirable clarity and pacing.
There are many lessons to be had from this rich and worthwhile book. Here are just a few I teased out for myself.
One of the big things that I took away from this book is that our interaction with the Arabs hasn't changed all that much in 200 years. The same can be said for the behavior and attitudes of the Arabs towards us. Another big lesson I took from this book is that winning is important, there really is no substitute for victory. Clearly, there are times when one simply has to win to achieve peace, rather than endeavor to negotiate away "grievances" or "misunderstandings." Another big lesson for me from all this is that the religious dimension in the Middle East is substantive, and sometimes trumps more mundane interests like money and politics.
Another lesson I teased out of the book is that U.S. foreign policy is at its best when it sticks to its moral and philosophical principles and at its worst when it sacrifices these for realpolitik or in the name of political expediency. Another lesson that seems clear to me is that the United States is a fundamentally different sort of Nation, in virtually every worthwhile respect, from the nations of (Old World) Europe, and that America is at its best on the world's stage when it forges its own path, on its own terms.
Another aspect of this book that is worth mentioning is that the author does a most skillful job of painting clear, dramatic, and meaningful portraits of some of the key figures in this history. These include Thomas Jefferson, Pasha Yusuf Qaramanli and his brother Ahmad, William Eaton, Richard O'Brien, James Cathcart, Capt. William Bainbridge, Commodore Edward Preble, Captain Stephen Decatur, Jr., Marine Lt. Presley Neville O'Bannon, and several others.
Also, the action sequences are brisk and wonderfully handled. And throughout the writing style is clear, intelligent, and almost completely unobtrusive. In most every respect, "Victory in Tripoli" is a real pleasure to read.
My only "complaints" with this book are that (1) I would have preferred a clearer and more detailed map of the region and the principle harbors, and (2) I would have liked a little more detail on the French decision to invade Algiers in 1830 (this is obviously outside the scope of the author's focus, but a little more detail would still have been welcome). Also, (3) I would have liked some photographs of the USS Constitution that the author said in his lecture was still afloat and, I think, open for visitors in Boston. Finally, (4) I would have liked there to be a bit more detail on some of the other Marines involved in Eaton's march across the desert. None of these are serious problems, and I only thought of them while sitting down to write this, but I think it would have made the book even better.
As it stands, Mr. Joshua E. London has given us a wonderful history of America's wars with the Barbary Pirates, and one that will likely stand the test of time.
This would make a great Christmas gift to anyone interested in American history or to anyone interested in furthering their understanding of America's interaction with the Muslim world both then and now.
50 of 54 people found the following review helpful.
THE FIRST WAR ON TERROR:
By Orrin C. Judd
If you're anything like me the extent of your knowledge about the Barbary War is that Jefferson fought it and that it's commemorated in the Marine hymn: "...to the shores of Tripoli." Here though, presented in immensely readable fashion, is a history of what turn out to have been America's Barbary Wars, not just one war. Indeed, the fact that a subsequent war was required is just one of the ways that Joshua E. London ties the events of two hundred years ago, and of our first encounter with the Islamic world, into the events going on around us today. The parallels he draws help us both to understand the successes and failures of strategy in our own time and to relate better to our distant ancestors as they experience many of the same.
Though we refer to them as pirates, Mr. London shows that we might better think of the Barbary raiders as state-sponsored terrorists. Acting on behalf of the rulers of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers, they would harass Mediterranean shipping and capture boats and crews. Ships were converted to the state's use and crewmen essentially enslaved or both were held for ransom. The European nations had settled into an acceptance of this sort of outrage and paid regular tribute or protection money, but the young American nation, once it lost Britain's protection, could neither easily afford such payments nor abide by their moral taint. And so, especially under President Jefferson, the United States decided to pursue a unilateral policy of resisting the Barbary states, even to the point of attempted regime change. All that sounds familiar enough and redounds to our credit. However, this is also a story of bureaucratic turf wars and infighting, of feckless leaders, of a policy only haphazardly applied, and, in the most haunting parallel of all, of how the regime change was stopped just when it was about to work, thereby requiring a second, and definitive, war later under Jefferson's successor and political heir, James Madison.
The tragic figure who holds this tale together is William Eaton--a Captain in the Revolutionary War and later consul to Tunis--who pushes throughout for a sterner American response to Barbary provocations. In response to an early humiliation--when the U.S.S. George Washington was forced by Dey Bobba Mustafa to transport an embassy to Constantinople under the Algerine flag in October, 1800--he wrote:
"Genius of My country! How art thou prostrate! Hast thou not yet one son whose soul revolts, whose nerves convulse, blood vessels burst, and heart indignant swells at thought of such debasement?
Shade of Washington! Behold thy orphan'd sword hang on a slave--A voluntary slave, and serve a Pirate!....Shall Tunis also lift his thievish arm, smite our scarred cheek, then bid us kiss the rod! This is the price of peace! But if we will have peace at such a price, recall me, and send a slave, accustomed to abasement, to represent the nation.... History shall tell that the United States first volunteered a ship of war, equipped, a carrier for a pirate. ... Frankly I own, I would have lost the peace, and been impaled myself rather than yielded this concession. Will nothing rouse my country!"
Eaton was to be more fortunate than the modern counterpart he eerily summons up: John O'Neill, FBI agent John O'Neill, whose warnings about al Qaeda went for nought and who perished in the WTC on 9-11, having just taken over as head of security there. Eaton did get to see his nation heed his warnings and returned home a hero after the first Barbary War. But the mission he led, to recruit Ahmad Qaramanli for a revolt against his brother, the Tripolitine leader, Pasha Yusuf Qaramanli, was abandoned just as it seemed about to succeed in the first American-led regime change. He managed to rescue Ahmad and remained his friend for years, but was left embittered by the experience, took to drink, and died a broken man in 1811. This makes his legacy all the more poignant:
"During the war with Tripoli, the United States began to test William Eaton's hypothesis that fighting back and protecting the national honor and the national interest with force was the best way to end Barbary piracy. Just at the moment of triumph, however, President Thomas Jefferson wavered and settled on the side of expediency. Jefferson's lack of resolve left American interests unguarded, and once again, American trade felt the Barbary terror. By 1816, however, the United States finally proved that William Eaton was right. This success ignited the imagination of the Old World powers to rise up against the Barbary pirates.
In late August 1816, a combined British and Dutch fleet under the command of Lord Exmouth (formerly Sir Edward Pellew) followed the example of Commodore Stephen Decatur, forcing a peace at the mouth of a cannon. This armada unleashed hell upon Algiers, destroying most of the coastal side of the city, as well as most of its navy and marina. The dey accepted all of Lord Exmouth's demands. More than eleven hundred Christian captives were released from slavery, and the dey agreed to abolish Christian slavery in Algiers forever."
Nice to be right, but best to live to see it.
The degree to which the war(s) connects to our own times necessarily suggests that we apply its lessons today. This seems all the more important when we recall that almost all of our other wars follow the pattern: only reluctantly entered into and then left unfinished. It's too late for us to start the War on Terror on our own initiative--9/11 saw to that. But we can, just this once, refuse to let up in the war until it's truly won. In this instance that will mean getting liberal democratic reform going in every single Middle Eastern state and denying al Qaeda the safe havens it still enjoys in Western Pakistan. Let's not leave another William Eaton to be proved right in retrospect.
27 of 27 people found the following review helpful.
AN EXCELLENT HISTORY
By Rudy
"Victory in Tripoli" is an compelling account of the new American nation's first foreign adventure. This book is an excellent history of the United States first foreign military campaign, and a valuable contribution to the understanding of America's early history. Mr. London has captured the drama and adventure of this period and the personalities that shaped it.
Mr. London deserves kudos not only for so convincingly presenting his case but making such a good read out of it. London is a skilled writer, an excellent historian and a good storyteller. "Victory in Tripoli" is a compelling story of the birth of America and how it projected its power abroad for the first time. One hopes that "Victory in Tripoli" will become one of the definitive sources on this topic.
Highly recommended.
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