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The Subjectivity of Scientists and the Bayesian Approach, by S. James Press, Judith M. Tanur
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Comparing and contrasting the reality of subjectivity in the work of history's great scientists and the modern Bayesian approach to statistical analysis
Scientists and researchers are taught to analyze their data from an objective point of view, allowing the data to speak for themselves rather than assigning them meaning based on expectations or opinions. But scientists have never behaved fully objectively. Throughout history, some of our greatest scientific minds have relied on intuition, hunches, and personal beliefs to make sense of empirical data-and these subjective influences have often aided in humanity's greatest scientific achievements. The authors argue that subjectivity has not only played a significant role in the advancement of science, but that science will advance more rapidly if the modern methods of Bayesian statistical analysis replace some of the classical twentieth-century methods that have traditionally been taught.
To accomplish this goal, the authors examine the lives and work of history's great scientists and show that even the most successful have sometimes misrepresented findings or been influenced by their own preconceived notions of religion, metaphysics, and the occult, or the personal beliefs of their mentors. Contrary to popular belief, our greatest scientific thinkers approached their data with a combination of subjectivity and empiricism, and thus informally achieved what is more formally accomplished by the modern Bayesian approach to data analysis.
Yet we are still taught that science is purely objective. This innovative book dispels that myth using historical accounts and biographical sketches of more than a dozen great scientists, including Aristotle, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, William Harvey, Sir Isaac Newton, Antoine Levoisier, Alexander von Humboldt, Michael Faraday, Charles Darwin, Louis Pasteur, Gregor Mendel, Sigmund Freud, Marie Curie, Robert Millikan, Albert Einstein, Sir Cyril Burt, and Margaret Mead. Also included is a detailed treatment of the modern Bayesian approach to data analysis. Up-to-date references to the Bayesian theoretical and applied literature, as well as reference lists of the primary sources of the principal works of all the scientists discussed, round out this comprehensive treatment of the subject.
Readers will benefit from this cogent and enlightening view of the history of subjectivity in science and the authors' alternative vision of how the Bayesian approach should be used to further the cause of science and learning well into the twenty-first century.
- Sales Rank: #3596215 in Books
- Published on: 2001-04-16
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.47" h x .74" w x 6.34" l, 1.18 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 296 pages
Review
"Press and Tanur argue that subjectivity has not only played a significant role in the advancement of science, but that science will advance more rapidly if the modern methods of Bayesian statistical analysis replace some of the more classical twentieth-century methods." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2001)
"An insightful work." (Choice, Vol. 39, No. 4, December 2001)
"compilation of interesting and popular problems" (Short Book Reviews - Publication of the Int. Statistical Institute, December 2001)
"...this book is fascinating." (Short Book Reviews, Vol. 21, No. 3, December 2001)
"...highlight the role of subjectivity in science by describing the life and works of 17 scientists." (Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 973, 2001/23)
Review
"[...] it is a splendid and important book." —Dennis Lindley
From the Publisher
"[...] it is a splendid and important book." --Dennis Lindley
Most helpful customer reviews
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Everyone interested in science (especially who may pursue a career in science) should read it
By Amazon Customer
This is an insightful book. It demonstrates how scientists work with experiments and theories. Sometimes people already have an idea in mind and design an experiment to SHOW it. Sometimes people know nothing a prior and try to EXPLORE it. Contrary to commonsense, many great scientists work in the first way. This may lead to bias (e.g. People may UNCONSCIOUSLY select data that fit the model best). However, the intuition from great scientists is something should never been underestimated. Otherwise, there are millions of ways to try, and if they are equally likely, which should we go?
The Bayesian inference provides a way that can combine personal belief (i.e. prior information) with observed data. If the intuition is on the correct direction, we will have stronger confidence on our theory. Otherwise, as we observed more and more data, the influence of misleading prior will be finally diluted. In sum, everyone interested in science (especially who may pursue a career in science) should read it.
4 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
An Important and Valuable Book
By Redbeard
Scientists are subjective, and they always have been. This book documents the long list of scientists who developed the theory first and then went into the 'laboratory' to do observations. It shatters the image of objective scientists, and creates an amazing picture of the scientific method. Prominent examples were:
Johannes Kepler, who developed the laws of planetary motion, probably fudged his data on the motion of Mars. Gregor Mendel, the father of genetic theory, reported only data that conformed to his theory. Lots of other examples include the experiments that established the mass of the electron and others.
For dessert, the authors discuss the Bayesian approach to the evaluation of data. In essence, they suggest that we enter the scientific process with a notion of prior probabilities for what the outcome will be. We carry with us the body of evidence we have seen in our lives. Great scientsts are no different, and have achieved great things in spite of (or because of) their biases.
There is plenty here in the book to make their point. The prose can be a bit stilted, but the book is emminently readable.
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